Abscess

Definition

An abscess is a collection of pus in any part of the body that, in most cases, causes swelling and inflammation around it.

Causes

Abscesses occur when an area of tissue becomes infected and the body's immune system tries to fight it. White blood cells move through the walls of the blood vessels into the area of the infection and collect in the damaged tissue. During this process, pus forms. Pus is the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other foreign substances.

Abscesses can form in almost any part of the body. The skin, under the skin, and the teeth are the most common sites. Abscesses may be caused by bacteria, parasites, and foreign substances.

Abscesses in the skin are easy to see. They are red, raised, and painful. Abscesses in other areas of the body may not be seen, but they may cause organ damage.

Types of abscesses include:

• Abdominal abscess
• Amebic liver abscess
• Anorectal abscess
• Bartholin abscess
• Brain abscess
• Epidural abscess
• Peritonsillar abscess
• Pyogenic liver abscess
• Skin abscess
• Spinal cord abscess
• Subcutaneous abscess
• Tooth abscess

Exams and Tests

Often, a sample of fluid will be taken from the abscess and tested to see what type of germ is causing the problem.

Treatment

Treatment varies, but often surgery to drain the abscess, antibiotics, or both are needed.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you think that you have any type of abscess.

Prevention

Preventing abscesses depends on where they develop. For example, good hygiene can help prevent skin abscesses. Dental hygiene and routine care will prevent tooth abscesses.

References

Holtzman LC, Hitti E, Harrow J. Incision and drainage. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR, eds. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2013:chap 37.